| 1468 |
Lorenzo the Magnificent and his brother Giuliano succeed their father, Piero de Medici, as rulers of Florence, Italy.  |
| 1762 |
France cedes to Spain all lands west of the Mississippi–the territory known as Upper Louisiana. |
| 1800 |
The French defeat an Austrian army at the Battle of Hohenlinden, near Munich. |
| 1818 |
Illinois was admitted to the union as the 21st state. |
| 1828 |
Andrew Jackson was elected the seventh president of the United States.  |
| 1847 |
Frederick Douglass and Martin R. Delaney establish the North Star, an anti-slavery paper. |
| 1862 |
Confederate raiders attack a Federal forage train on the Hardin Pike near Nashville, Tenn. |
| 1863 |
Confederate General James Longstreet moves his army east and north toward Greeneville. This withdrawal marks the end of the Fall Campaign in Tennessee. |
| 1864 |
Major General William Tecumseh Sherman meets with slight resistance from Confederate troops at Thomas Station on his march to the sea. |
| 1906 |
The U.S. Supreme Court orders Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) leaders extradited to Idaho for trial in the Steunenberg murder case. |
| 1915 |
The United States expels German attaches on spy charges. |
| 1916 |
French commander Joseph Joffre is dismissed after his failure at the Somme. General Robert Nivelle is the new French commander in chief. |
| 1918 |
The Allied Conference ends in London where they decide that Germany must pay for the war. |
| 1925 |
The League of Nations orders Greece to pay an indemnity for the October invasion of Bulgaria. |
| 1926 |
British reports claim that German soldiers are being trained in the Soviet Union. |
| 1947 |
“A Streetcar Named Desire” by Tennessee Williams opened on Broadway.  |
| 1948 |
The House Un-American Activities Committee announced that former Communist spy Whittaker Chambers had produced microfilm of secret documents hidden inside a pumpkin on his Maryland farm. |
| 1950 |
The Chinese close in on Pyongyang, Korea, and UN forces withdraw southward. |
| 1964 |
Police arrested some 800 students at the University of California at Berkeley who had stormed the administration buildingthe previous day and staged a massive sit-in. |
| 1965 |
The National Council of Churches asks the United States to halt the massive bombings in North Vietnam. |
| 1965 |
The album “Rubber Soul” by the Beatles was released. |
| 1967 |
Surgeons in Cape Town, South Africa, led by Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the first human heart transplant.  |
| 1967 |
The 20th Century Limited, the famed luxury train, completed its final run from New York City to Chicago. |
| 1977 |
The State Department proposes the admission of 10,000 more Vietnamese refugees to the United States. |
| 1979 |
Eleven are dead and eight injured in a mad rush to see a rock band (The Who) at a concert in Cincinnati, Ohio. |
| 1984 |
Toxic gas leaks from a Union Carbide plant and results in the deaths of thousands in Bhopal, India. |
| 1989 |
Presidents George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev announce the official end to the Cold War at a meeting in Malta.  |
| 1989 |
East German Communist leader Egon Krenz, the ruling Politburo and the party’s Central Committee resigned. |
| 1997 |
South Korea struck a deal with the International Monetary Fund for a $55 billion bailout of its foundering economy. |
| 1999 |
Scientists failed to make contact with the Mars Polar Lander after it began its fiery descent toward the red planet; the spacecraft was presumed destroyed. |
| 2009 |
Comcast and GE announced joint venture plans, with Comcast owning a 51 percent controlling stake in NBC Universal. |